Vaginal laxity is a subjective sensation — a feeling that the vagina is looser or less snug than before. Urinary incontinence is involuntary urine leakage, and it comes in distinct clinical subtypes: stress, urgency, and mixed. The two can appear together because they sometimes share risk factors — vaginal childbirth, connective-tissue changes with aging, and raised abdominal pressure — but sharing risk factors is not the same as one condition causing the other in every patient. Treatment should follow the diagnosis, not the search term that brought you here.
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Key Takeaways
- Vaginal laxity and urinary incontinence often coexist, but one does not automatically cause the other — they share risk factors (childbirth, aging, connective-tissue change) without a universal causal link in every patient (Cleveland Clinic; Pereira et al., 2024).
- Urinary incontinence is not one condition. SUI, UUI, and mixed incontinence (MUI) have different mechanisms, and NICE NG123 states initial treatment should be based on which subtype is present.
- Supervised pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) — not unsupervised "Kegels at home" — is first-line per NICE NG123 and NG210 for stress and mixed incontinence, but it isn't a cure-all for every symptom.
- Vaginal laxity is not the same as pelvic organ prolapse. Prolapse involves an organ descending into or through the vaginal canal with a palpable/visible bulge; laxity is a subjective sensation without that structural finding.
- HIFEM ("Tesla chair") has emerging but heterogeneous evidence. A 2025 meta-analysis found symptom and quality-of-life improvements but flagged high heterogeneity and called for larger trials before routine use (Leonardo et al., 2025) — it's not a validated substitute for PFMT.
- Vaginoplasty addresses vaginal caliber, not urethral support. It's not an automatic incontinence treatment unless combined with a specific anti-incontinence procedure.
A Question Two Patients Ask in Very Different Ways
A woman in her second trimester after her first baby once described it like this: "I feel loose, and now I leak a little when I laugh." Another woman, eleven years postmenopausal, said almost the opposite: "Sex feels the same as always, but I can't trust myself to sneeze in public anymore."
Both women are describing pelvic-floor symptoms. Neither description tells us, on its own, what's actually happening inside. That's the point of this article — not to tell you that looseness and leakage are the same problem wearing two names, and not to hand you a single exercise sheet and call it done. If you're noticing both, or wondering whether one explains the other, the honest starting point is: probably not entirely, and it depends which type of leakage you actually have.
Quick Overview: What's Actually Being Asked
Vaginal laxity is a subjective sensation — a feeling that the vagina is looser or less snug than before, often noticed during intercourse, tampon use, or high-impact exercise. Urinary incontinence is involuntary urine leakage, and it comes in distinct clinical subtypes: stress (leakage on effort, coughing, or sneezing), urgency (leakage with a sudden, hard-to-control urge), and mixed (features of both). The two can appear together because they sometimes share risk factors — vaginal childbirth, connective-tissue changes with aging, and raised abdominal pressure from chronic coughing or straining — but sharing risk factors is not the same as one condition causing the other in every patient.
Can either be treated? Yes, but the "right" treatment depends entirely on what's actually wrong — which is why assessment comes before any exercise programme, device, or procedure.
The Pelvic Floor, Explained Simply
Picture a hammock of muscle, fascia, and connective tissue stretching from your pubic bone to your tailbone — that's your pelvic floor. It cradles the bladder, uterus, and rectum, and wraps around the urethra and vagina, giving structural support and a degree of active, adjustable tone.
The main muscle group is the levator ani complex; when you consciously "lift and squeeze," you're contracting these muscles. They work alongside fascia — the pubocervical fascia along the front vaginal wall, connective tissue around the urethra — which provides passive support even at rest.
Here's the part that matters for this topic: the vaginal walls and the urethral support system are anatomical neighbors, not the same structure. Vaginal wall tissue determines how the canal feels during penetration; urethral and bladder-neck support determines whether urine leaks when pressure rises. They're connected by proximity and some shared connective tissue, but a change in one doesn't mechanically guarantee a change in the other — which is why a woman can have significant stress incontinence with no sense of looseness, and another can feel distinctly looser after childbirth with completely normal bladder control.
Why Laxity and Incontinence Are Often Discussed Together
It's tempting to draw a straight line: weak pelvic floor → loose vagina → leaky bladder. Real physiology is messier, and overstating the link does patients a disservice — it can push someone toward a vaginal-tightening procedure when the actual problem is detrusor overactivity, or toward months of Kegels when the real issue is a fascial defect needing surgical repair.
What the evidence supports is a shared-risk-factor model, not a universal-causation model. A large 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis led by Pereira and colleagues in the Journal of Sexual Medicine evaluated pelvic floor muscle strengthening, radiofrequency, and laser interventions in women with laxity: muscle strength improved after intervention, and some energy-based treatments showed improved subjective sexual function in observational studies — but these weren't confirmed in randomized controlled trials, and the review did not establish laxity as a direct, universal driver of incontinence outcomes.
Cleveland Clinic's overview is similarly measured: laxity is a sensation, most often linked to pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, aging, menopause, and pelvic surgery, and it's explicitly distinguished from pelvic organ prolapse — a separate, structural diagnosis. Leaking urine is listed as a symptom worth discussing with a provider alongside other pelvic symptoms, not as a guaranteed consequence of laxity itself.
If you have both symptoms, mention both at your appointment — a comprehensive history can reveal a shared cause (a significant childbirth injury) or two separate causes running in parallel (postmenopausal atrophy plus an overactive bladder). What you shouldn't assume is that fixing the sensation of looseness will fix the leakage, or vice versa. They need to be assessed, and often treated, on their own terms.
Telling the Conditions Apart: Laxity, SUI, UUI, Mixed Incontinence, and Prolapse
Precise terminology matters here, because the treatment pathway depends on getting the label right.
| Term | What it means | How it presents | What it is not |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vaginal laxity | Subjective sensation of looseness or reduced tightness, often during intercourse or activity | Feeling "less snug," reduced friction, occasional vaginal air | Not a prolapse diagnosis; not proof of muscle weakness on its own |
| Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) | Involuntary urine loss on effort, exertion, coughing, or sneezing | Leakage tied to a physical trigger, no preceding urge | Not "overactive bladder"; mechanism is urethral support/sphincter competence |
| Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) | Leakage with a sudden, compelling urge, often linked to detrusor overactivity | Hard-to-defer urge; leakage en route to the bathroom | Not a mechanical support problem; driven by bladder muscle behavior |
| Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) | Co-existing SUI and UUI symptoms | Both effort- and urgency-triggered leaks | Not automatically 50/50 — one component predominates and guides treatment |
| Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) | Descent of the bladder, uterus, or bowel into/through the vaginal canal | Visible/palpable bulge, pressure, dragging sensation | Not the same as laxity — POP is a structural exam finding, not a subjective sensation |
NICE NG123 is explicit that clinicians should categorize incontinence at initial assessment into SUI, MUI, or urgency/overactive bladder, with initial treatment based on this categorisation. Prolapse and laxity get conflated constantly in casual conversation, but they're clinically distinct: prolapse is an exam finding with a formal staging system (POP-Q), while laxity is a reported sensation that may or may not correlate with any objective finding.
Causes and Risk Factors
None of the following guarantees either laxity or a specific incontinence subtype — they are risk factors that raise probability, not deterministic triggers.
Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth. Vaginal delivery is consistently identified as a predisposing factor for stress urinary incontinence, largely through effects on connective tissue and pelvic floor support during parturition. Assisted vaginal birth, an occipito-posterior baby position, and anal sphincter injury during delivery are specifically flagged by NICE NG210 as risk factors warranting a structured, supervised postnatal PFMT programme. Not every vaginal birth leads to lasting symptoms, and a Caesarean doesn't guarantee immunity — pregnancy itself changes pelvic loading independent of delivery mode.
Aging, menopause, and chronic pressure. Falling estrogen around menopause is linked to genitourinary tissue changes — thinning vaginal walls, reduced elasticity, altered connective tissue — sometimes grouped under genitourinary syndrome of menopause; these can affect vaginal tightness sensation and urinary symptoms through overlapping but not identical pathways. Separately, persistent coughing, chronic constipation with straining, heavy lifting, and obesity raise downward pressure on pelvic support over time. NICE NG210 recommends weight-loss counseling for women with BMI over 30 kg/m² and urinary or prolapse symptoms, but clinicians shouldn't wait for weight loss before starting other management.
Detrusor overactivity and other factors. Unlike SUI or laxity, urgency incontinence is frequently driven by involuntary bladder muscle contractions — detrusor overactivity — rather than a mechanical deficit, which is why it doesn't reliably respond to the same interventions that help stress leakage or laxity. Prior pelvic surgery and individual variation in baseline connective-tissue strength also play a role, part of why two women with similar birth histories can have very different outcomes.
A Short, Honest Symptom Check
This isn't a diagnostic tool — no checklist replaces an examination — but it can help you organize what to say at your appointment. Leakage with coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise, without a preceding urge, points toward a stress component. Leakage with a sudden, hard-to-hold-back urge — sometimes triggered by running water or arriving home — points toward an urgency component. Noticing both patterns in the same week is consistent with mixed incontinence, and NICE NG123 recommends treating whichever bothers you more first. Vaginal looseness during intercourse or tampon use, separate from bladder symptoms, is a distinct line of inquiry; a bulge, pressure, or something "falling" into the vaginal canal by day's end warrants a prolapse-specific examination rather than an incontinence or laxity conversation alone.
Answering yes to more than one category is genuinely common — exactly why a checklist can't replace a structured history and examination.
What a Proper Assessment Actually Involves
A thorough assessment starts with obstetric history, symptom onset and triggers, medication and menopausal status, bowel habits, and impact on daily activity and intimacy. NICE NG123 recommends a validated symptom/quality-of-life questionnaire when therapies are evaluated, plus a bladder diary over a minimum of three days.
The physical examination typically includes visual and speculum assessment of the vaginal walls and any prolapse; digital assessment of pelvic floor muscle contraction — required by NICE before supervised PFMT starts, to confirm an effective voluntary contraction; a cough stress test, where urine loss is directly observed during a cough with a comfortably full bladder, described by the International Continence Society as the defining clinical sign of SUI; and POP-Q staging if prolapse is suspected. A urine dipstick test rules out infection, blood, or glucose as contributing factors, and a bladder scan may check post-void residual volume if voiding dysfunction is suspected. NICE advises against routine imaging, routine pad tests, and cystoscopy for straightforward assessment — more testing isn't automatically better testing.
Formal urodynamic testing isn't required for every woman. NICE recommends multichannel cystometry specifically before SUI surgery when there's urge-predominant mixed incontinence, an unclear pattern, voiding dysfunction, significant prolapse, or prior incontinence surgery. If history and examination clearly point to straightforward SUI, you may not need this step before starting conservative treatment.
Treatment by Subtype, Not by Guesswork
The single most important principle in this article: treatment should follow the diagnosis, not the search term that brought you here.
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
First-line is supervised pelvic floor muscle training for a minimum of three months, with programmes comprising at least eight contractions performed three times daily. The International Continence Society likewise names pelvic floor physiotherapy as first-line, particularly for mild SUI. These pelvic floor exercises for incontinence work best supervised, not self-taught — biofeedback or electrical stimulation may be added for women who can't yet perform an effective voluntary contraction. If conservative treatment doesn't achieve adequate relief, surgical options include colposuspension, fascial sling, and mid-urethral mesh sling, each with its own risk-benefit profile, including uncertainties around long-term mesh-related adverse effects. Urethral bulking agents are another option when surgery is unsuitable.
Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) / overactive bladder
Urge urinary incontinence — also called urgency urinary incontinence — is driven by detrusor overactivity rather than mechanical support loss, so treatment differs from SUI's. Bladder training for a minimum of six weeks, with caffeine reduction and fluid-intake adjustment, comes first. If insufficient, an overactive bladder medicine may be added, reviewed at four weeks. For symptoms unresponsive to non-surgical management, a specialist team may consider botulinum toxin injections or nerve stimulation. PFMT alone is not primary treatment for pure urgency incontinence, though combining it with bladder training is common in mixed presentations.
Mixed and prolapse-related presentations
For mixed incontinence (MUI), treat the predominant symptom first; if stress predominates, non-surgical management and bladder medicines are typically trialed before surgery, with supervised PFMT offered as for pure SUI. For pelvic organ prolapse, supervised PFMT for at least 16 weeks is reasonable for symptomatic POP-Q stage 1-2 prolapse; a vaginal pessary treats symptoms only while in place and doesn't reliably resolve coexisting urinary symptoms. Surgery is considered when non-surgical treatment hasn't helped; NICE states surgery should not be offered purely to prevent incontinence in women without existing incontinence.
Vaginal laxity (the sensation, without incontinence or prolapse driving the concern)
Supervised PFMT can improve pelvic floor muscle strength, which some women experience as improved tone. When conservative measures don't meet a woman's goals and there's a genuine anatomical basis — a significant fascial defect or excess mucosa from childbirth — reconstructive procedures like vaginoplasty may be discussed individually, never as an automatic first step.
Where HIFEM and "Tesla Chair" Devices Actually Fit
High-intensity focused electromagnetic (HIFEM) therapy — delivered through devices sometimes marketed under names like the "Tesla chair" — works by inducing repeated, supramaximal contractions of the pelvic floor muscles through electromagnetic stimulation, without the woman needing to actively contract the muscles herself.
The evidence here is real but genuinely mixed, and it deserves an honest read rather than either dismissal or hype. A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis in Neurourology and Urodynamics, covering seven studies, found HIFEM was associated with a significant reduction in incontinence episodes and improvement in ICIQ-UI Short Form scores compared with control, with some quality-of-life benefit on subgroup analysis — but pooled analyses for pelvic floor muscle contraction strength and resting tone showed no significant difference between HIFEM and control groups. The authors' own conclusion is worth quoting directly: current studies suggest HIFEM "may be an effective and safe noninvasive treatment for female UI by promoting QoL," but because the evidence is "high in heterogeneity and possible bias, future high-quality trials with proper blinding and standardized outcomes are necessary to conclude the applicability of HIFEM for UI" (Leonardo et al., 2025).
Smaller, more recent studies tell a similar story. A 2025 pilot randomized trial combining HIFEM with PFMT versus PFMT alone found improvements in both groups, with a significant reduction in leakage on a one-hour pad test in the combination arm — but the authors called it a feasibility pilot meant to justify a larger trial, not proof of superiority. A 2025 International Urogynecology Journal study similarly concluded that larger comparative trials with long-term follow-up are needed before routine clinical use is recommended.
In practice, this means: HIFEM is not a validated, guideline-endorsed replacement for supervised PFMT, which remains first-line for SUI and MUI. It does not directly, mechanically tighten vaginal tissue — its proposed mechanism is neuromuscular stimulation, not a structural effect on the vaginal wall. Existing trials are small and heterogeneous, and several authors explicitly call for larger, standardized, blinded trials before this can be considered settled, routine care. If a clinic offers HIFEM, it should be presented as an adjunct under evaluation alongside — not instead of — supervised PFMT, never as a guaranteed fix.
Energy Devices, PRP, and PDO Threads: What We Won't Promise You
You may come across marketing for vaginal laser, radiofrequency (RF), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, or PDO (polydioxanone) thread insertion, often grouped loosely under "vaginal rejuvenation" — a marketing term, not a diagnosis.
The best available comparative evidence doesn't support strong, durable claims for these approaches. The Pereira et al. 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis found that vaginal tightening procedures generally did not improve sexual sensation outcomes after intervention, and while RF and laser were associated with improved subjective sexual function in observational (non-randomized) studies, that benefit was not confirmed when only randomized controlled trials were analyzed — an important distinction, since uncontrolled before-and-after studies are prone to placebo response and reporting bias that tend to disappear once a proper control group is added.
PRP and PDO threads have even less high-quality evidence for this indication — largely small case series rather than randomized trials — and neither should be presented as a proven, permanent tightening solution. This clinic does not offer laser, RF, PRP, or PDO thread treatments for vaginal laxity or incontinence; recommending them ahead of assessment and evidence-based conservative care would be a disservice.
Comparison Table: Options at a Glance
| Intervention | Primary target | Evidence strength | Realistic expectation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Supervised PFMT | SUI, MUI, mild-moderate POP, laxity-related muscle tone | Strong — guideline first-line | Requires 3–4+ months of adherence; not effective for every symptom or severity level |
| Bladder training | UUI, overactive bladder | Strong — guideline first-line | Six weeks minimum; often combined with medication if insufficient alone |
| Anticholinergic / transdermal medicines | UUI, overactive bladder | Established, with known side-effect profile | Benefit may take four+ weeks; requires periodic review |
| HIFEM (e.g., "Tesla chair") | Pelvic floor muscle re-education, mild-moderate SUI as adjunct | Emerging, heterogeneous — not yet guideline-endorsed | May help some patients; not a proven PFMT replacement; larger trials still needed |
| Laser / radiofrequency | Subjective laxity, sexual sensation | Weak in RCTs despite favorable observational data | Not offered at this clinic; durable anatomical change not established |
| PRP / PDO threads | Adjunct tissue stimulation | Very limited — small case series only | Not proven permanent or reliably effective; strictly adjunctive where used at all |
| Midurethral sling / colposuspension | SUI unresponsive to conservative care | Established surgical options with long-term outcome data and known mesh-related uncertainties | Effective for many, but requires informed discussion of surgical risk |
| Vaginoplasty / perineoplasty | Vaginal caliber, structural fascial defects | Established for anatomical goals; not primarily an incontinence treatment | Improves support and caliber; does not reliably resolve urethral or sphincter-related leakage without a dedicated anti-incontinence procedure |
Recovery Expectations and Realistic Timelines
Supervised PFMT programmes are typically reviewed at least once during the course and again at completion, with NICE recommending continuation beyond the supervised period if beneficial. Don't expect a dramatic change within the first two to three weeks — meaningful improvement is generally assessed after a minimum of three months of consistent, correctly performed training. Bladder training for urgency symptoms follows a similar pattern: a minimum six-week course before deciding whether to add medication, with reviews at four weeks initially, then annually.
If surgery becomes part of the plan — whether an incontinence procedure or a reconstructive one — expect a structured follow-up visit within six months, including an examination to check healing and, where mesh was used, to check for any exposure or complication. See our full vaginoplasty recovery timeline for procedure-specific detail.
Myths and Facts
Myth: A loose-feeling vagina always means weak pelvic floor muscles.
Fact: Vaginal laxity is a subjective sensation that can occur with normal, weak, or even overactive pelvic floor muscles. Muscle function needs direct assessment, not inference from the sensation alone.
Myth: If you leak urine, Kegel exercises will fix it no matter what.
Fact: Supervised PFMT is genuinely first-line for stress and mixed incontinence, but it isn't designed to resolve pure urgency incontinence, which is driven by bladder muscle overactivity rather than mechanical support.
Myth: Vaginoplasty will also cure your bladder leakage since it "tightens everything."
Fact: Vaginoplasty addresses vaginal wall caliber and structural support, not urethral hypermobility or intrinsic sphincter deficiency. It shouldn't be marketed or expected as an incontinence cure without a specific anti-incontinence procedure alongside it.
Myth: HIFEM ("Tesla chair") tightens the vagina like a non-surgical facelift.
Fact: HIFEM's proposed mechanism is neuromuscular, not mechanical. Current systematic-review evidence describes its benefit as promising but too heterogeneous to be considered established for routine use.
Myth: Vaginal laxity is basically the same thing as prolapse.
Fact: They're clinically distinct. Prolapse is a structural finding — an organ descending into or through the vaginal canal, confirmed on examination with formal staging. Laxity is a reported sensation and doesn't, by itself, indicate prolapse.
Myth: You need urodynamic testing before starting any incontinence treatment.
Fact: NICE advises against multichannel cystometry before conservative treatment, or before primary surgery when history and examination already clearly indicate straightforward stress incontinence — testing is reserved for more complex presentations.
🚩 Red Flags: When to Seek Care Sooner Rather Than Later
Most vaginal laxity and incontinence symptoms are not medical emergencies, but a few patterns deserve prompt assessment rather than a wait-and-see approach:
- A new, painful, or rapidly enlarging vaginal bulge
- Sudden-onset urinary retention or a marked inability to pass urine
- Blood in the urine, fever with pelvic pain, or foul-smelling vaginal or urinary discharge
- Heavy or unexplained vaginal bleeding
- Recurrent urinary tract infections alongside new or worsening incontinence
- Any new numbness, weakness, or bowel/bladder control change that could suggest a neurological cause
These symptoms should not be managed through self-directed exercises, an online article, or a cosmetic-procedure discussion — they need a timely medical evaluation.
Related Conditions and Sibling Pages
- Vaginal Laxity: Causes, Assessment and Evidence-Based Options — the cluster's diagnostic hub.
- Vaginal Changes After Childbirth: What's Normal and When to Seek Assessment — postpartum pelvic-floor recovery timelines.
- Vaginal Changes in Menopause: Laxity, Dryness and GSM Explained — estrogen-related tissue change and GSM.
- Vaginoplasty Recovery: A Realistic Timeline by Procedure.
- Before and After Vaginoplasty: Instructions, Restrictions and Warning Signs.
Related reading: Urinary Incontinence in Women. For confirmed clinical service information, see the vaginoplasty service page.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does vaginal laxity cause urinary incontinence?
Not directly or universally. The two share risk factors like childbirth and aging-related tissue change, but laxity is a subjective sensation while incontinence is a specific, mechanism-based diagnosis. Many women have one without the other.
What's the difference between stress and urge incontinence?
Stress incontinence involves leakage triggered by physical exertion without a preceding urge. Urge incontinence involves a sudden, hard-to-control need to urinate, often linked to bladder muscle overactivity rather than a support problem.
Will pelvic floor exercises fix my incontinence completely?
Supervised PFMT is the guideline first-line treatment for stress and mixed urinary incontinence and helps many women substantially, but it isn't the primary treatment for pure urgency incontinence, which responds better to bladder training.
Can HIFEM ("Tesla chair") replace pelvic floor physiotherapy?
No. Current evidence is promising in places but described by its own systematic reviewers as high in heterogeneity, with a need for larger, standardized trials before routine use.
Does vaginoplasty cure urinary leakage?
Not automatically. Vaginoplasty addresses vaginal caliber and structural support, not urethral or sphincter function. Significant coexisting incontinence typically needs a separate assessment and, if indicated, a specific anti-incontinence procedure.
Conclusion
If you came to this article dealing with both a sense of vaginal looseness and some form of urine leakage, the most useful takeaway is this: these are two different questions with two different answers, even though they sometimes travel together. Incontinence itself isn't one condition — stress, urgency, and mixed incontinence have different mechanisms and different first-line treatments, and getting that categorization right at assessment shapes everything that follows.
Supervised pelvic floor muscle training remains the strongest, guideline-backed starting point for stress and mixed incontinence, but it isn't a cure-all and isn't the right first step for pure urgency symptoms or every case of laxity. Newer technologies like HIFEM show real promise in early research, but the honest read today is "encouraging and still unsettled," not "proven replacement for physiotherapy." Energy devices, PRP, and PDO threads carry even less robust evidence, which is why they are not offered at this clinic for this indication. And vaginoplasty, while effective for genuine anatomical goals, was never designed to automatically fix bladder leakage.
A proper pelvic-health assessment — history, examination, and the right supporting tests for your specific pattern — is what turns "I have both of these symptoms" into an actual, personalized plan. Book a consultation with Dr. Dina Rezk Clinic to discuss a pelvic-floor assessment tailored to your specific concern.
References
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pelvic floor dysfunction: prevention and non-surgical management. NICE Guideline NG210. 2021.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management. NICE Guideline NG123. 2019.
- International Continence Society. Stress Urinary Incontinence — ICS Factsheet.
- Pereira GMV, Cartwright R, Juliato CRT, Domoney C, Iglesia CB, Brito LGO. Treatment of women with vaginal laxity: systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2024;21(5):430–442. DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae028.
- Leonardo K, Rahardjo HE, Afriansyah A. Noninvasive High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Therapy in Women With Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2025;44(2):424–433. DOI: 10.1002/nau.25658.
- Effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Therapy with Pelvic Floor Muscle Training on Urine Leakage: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Women's Health Issues. 2026.
- Effectiveness of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Therapy for Urinary Incontinence and Sexual Function. International Urogynecology Journal. 2025.
- Cleveland Clinic. Vaginal Laxity: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment. 2026.